Measles, Mumps and Rubella

What is Measles?
Measles Morbillivirus is a disease caused by the rubeola virus. This virus is extremely contagious and can be easily transferred from one person to the other just by coughing and sneezing. Measles is most commonly a childhood virus, although adults can catch the virus as well. Measles is also extremely dangerous, as some parents like to claim the wrong fact that MMR vaccine causes autism and not give them a vaccine. This is why this disease still kills 100000 kids a year, and there had been an outbreak in 2018-2019 in the US.

What is Mumps?
Mumps is a rubulavirus which causes affects the salivary glands, or the glands which produce saliva. Mumps isn't as lethal or serious as measles or rubella, but with complications, it can still kill.

What is Rubella?
Rubella, also known as the "German Measles" is also a viral infection. Measles and Rubella are absolutely different. Although holding some similarities in symptoms and names, Rubella is nowhere near as infectious and severe as measles. Rubella had already been declared as "eliminated" by the CDC.

How do you get it?
Measles: The measles virus can be spread by an infected person coughing or sneezing, and another person passes through because measles can live in the air for about 2 hours. The rash starts about 1-3 weeks after the contraction of the virus, and the rash lasts for 4-5 days.

Mumps: The mumps virus cannot stay long if it is not in the hosts' body, and is spreaded most commonly by coughing and sneezing when nasal fluids and saliva is being breathed in by another person. The symptoms last for about 10 days.

Rubella: The rubella virus can live for an hour in the air, and is also caused by breathing in the sneeze of an infected person. The rash lasts for about 3 days, but lymph nodes and joint pain can last for up to 2 weeks.

Symptoms:
Measles:
- High fever
- Runny nose
- Sore throat
- Cough
- Conjunctivitis
- Koplik's spots
- Red flat skin rash

Mumps:
- Pain in the salivary glands
- Pain while eating
- Swelling in salivary glands
- Fever
- Headache
- Fatigue
- Not wanting to eat

Rubella:
- Red flat rash
- Mild fever
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Joint pain
- Stuffy nose
- Inflamed eyes
- Headache
- Pink eye

Diagnosis:
- Blood tests
- Lab tests

Treatment:
Measles: Post-exposure vaccinations, immune serum globin, fever reducers, antibiotics, Vitamin A, more rest and water
Mumps and rubella: None, as antibiotics are for bacteria and won't work. The immune system would fight it off, though. Take rests and drink water.

Prevention:
- Isolate yourself if you are sick
- MMR vaccine
( Don't listen to what ex-physician Andrew Wakefield said. MMR vaccines DO NOT CAUSE AUTISM. the document had been retracted, and the scientists that worked with him also exposed that the document's info is INCORRECT. )
- Sneeze into tissue or hand to block your nasal fluids from flying everywhere

Bronchitis

What is Bronchitis?

Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi, or the airways of the lungs. There are 2 types of bronchitis, acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is called "chest cold" as well. The infection lasts for up to 10 days, however, the cold can last up to 3 weeks, and symptoms can last for 6 weeks. Chronic bronchitis is a cough that produces mucus for up to more than 3 months in a year. With chronic bronchitis and decreased airflow, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can easily happen. Bronchitis is not bronchiolitis. Bronchitis affects the big airways, the bronchi, while bronchiolitis affects the bronchioles, which are smaller airways in the lungs.




Causes of Acute Bronchitis:
- Viral infection (90% chance) (can be caused by the flu/cold causing viruses)
- Smoking
- Fumes
- Dust in air
- Pollution in air

Causes of Chronic Bronchitis:
- repeated causes of acute bronchitis
- mostly smoking or pollution

Symptoms:
- Coughing
- Mucus
- Tiredness
- Shortness of Breath
- Fever
- Discomfort in the chest/lungs

Diagnosis needed:
- Chest X-Ray
- CT/computed tomography scan
- Measuring air your lungs can hold (Pulmonary function tests)


Treating acute bronchitis:
- Drink more warm fluids (except caffeine or alcohol)
- Rest/Sleep more
- Painkillers (Eg. Ibuprofen) to reduce inflammation and relieve pain
- The body will take care of it

Treating chronic bronchitis:
- Steroids (anti-inflammations)
- Meds
- Antibiotics
- Vaccines to prevent secondary infections
- Bronchodilators (airway opening)
- Oxygen therapy (severe)
- Surgery (severe)
- Exercise



Prevention:
- DON'T SMOKE
- Exercise more
- Vaccinate
- Stay away from sick people and avoid touching your face
- Stay away from polluted air or dust as much as possible
- Wear a dust mask in heavily polluted areas

Escherichia Coli

What is it?
Escherichia Coli, or E. Coli is a bacteria that usually lives in your intestines. Most of them are good and necessary for humans or even animals, however, some are really harmful. There are over 200 strains of e. coli that is harmful, and one of the worst ones is the O157:H7. It is responsible for 31 deaths per year, 9600 hospitalizations and 32000 sicknesses per year! Harmful E Coli put in a Shiga toxin, which is responsible for the sickness. This Shiga toxin stimulates your intestines, causing you to produce more fluids and have diarrhoea.

How do you contract harmful E. Coli.
You can contract from humans, animals or from food, and most serious outbreaks are usually from ground beef, spinach or lettuce. In 1993, Jack in the Box's outbreak caused 3 children to die and 500+ to fall ill. In September 2006, over 275 cases and 3 deaths was reported in USA due to E. Coli found in spinach from a cattle ranch in Salinas Valley, and in 2018-19, 167 illnesses and 85 hospitalizations were reported due to E. Coli found in Romaine Lettuce also in Salinas Valley.

Symptoms:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Mild-Severe Diarrhoea
- Bloody diarrhoea especially if severe
- Loss of appetite
- Fever
- Anaemia
- Fatigue
- Seizures
- DEATH

Treatments:
For mild cases of E. Coli, medications are not necessarily needed. Just remember to drink more low-sugar fluids and rest more for the body to heal itself.

Coronavirus

What is a coronavirus?
A coronavirus is a virus that belongs to the virus group coronavirdae. They are named coronavirus, because of their appearance looks like a crown from the microscope, and the word crown or halo in latin is "corona", so coronavirus is a virus shaped like a crown. Common colds can be caused by the common versions of coronavirus OC43 and 229E, however, "SARS (SARS-CoV)", "MERS (MERS-CoV)" or the Novel Coronavirus found in WuHan in 2019 (Covid-19) was caused by a coronavirus  too, just a rarer type.

How it happens:
Coronaviruses transmits through sneezing and coughing, and the virus can stay in the air for about 10 minutes. It can also be transmitted by body fluids, such as saliva or mucus. For example, if a person infected sneezes into their hands, and without washing it, shakes your hand and you touch your eyes, nose or mouth, you may get infected with the coronavirus. If these viruses land on your tissue, they die in about 15 minutes, but it can live up to 24 hours in other conditions. When in a body, the virus will attack your cells and take over it and making it a virus replicating machine by its RNA. When the enough viruses are made, the cell bursts open and dies, and millions of viruses bursts out and the process repeats. Soon, your body feels this and responds with an immune response which causes symptoms, such as coughing or fever. The body also sends out antibodies to try to fight the virus and in severe cases, white blood cells may even send out chemicals, which can cause leakage of fluids into the lungs and added to the cellular destruction of the cell, can cause death by suffocation. Other than that, since your immune system is weakened, bacteria you can usually can fight off easily can kill you, because your protection is weakened or even compromised by the virus.

Symptoms:
- runny nose
- light headed
- headache
- fever- coughing
- sneezing
- sore throat
-pneumonia
-bronchitis

Diagnosis needed:
-Blood sample
-Travel history
-Bodily fluids

Treatment:
None! Did you know you cannot treat a common cold? Thats why there is no cure for the Covid-19 too! The strong ones with strong immune systems can fight off colds or even the Covid-19. The weak ones would die to it. That's why thousands of people die per day and it is important to get a vaccine to prevent getting the virus. If you got a common cold, just let your body do the work and take some rests.

Prevention:
- Vaccine
- Avoid touching your face with hands
- Wash your hands oftenly
- Don't be around sick ones

- Social Distance

- Wear a mask

Anaemia

Anaemia:
Anaemia, or anemia, is a condition where there is a defieciency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood.

What are Red Blood Cells:
Red blood cells are called erythrocyte, which are shaped in a biconcave disc. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body and takes the carbon dioxide to the lungs to release from the body. Red blood cells do not have nuclei, and that is to maximize the storage of oxygen in it. They are shaped in a biconcave inward bending shape, so that it has a larger surface area of gas transfer.

Types of Anaemia:

• Iron deficiency anaemia - most common type - where body lacks iron
• Vitamin deficiency anaemia - lack of vitamins
• Aplastic anaemia - when body not producing enough new red blood cells
• Sickle cell anaemia - usually inherited - not enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen around body
• Thalassemia - when body is making an abnormal form of hemoglobin

Symptoms:

Causes:

• Malnutrition (Bad diet) - Vitamin B12, Iron, Folic Acid
• Family - disorder passed on
• Drugs and alcohol 
• Blood Loss
• Infections
• Chronic diseases
• Hormone disorders
• Bone Marrow disorders
• Pregnancy
• Puberty 
• Cancer
• ...

What if you don't treat it
- Death from Heart attack
- Damaged organs due to lack of oxygen
- Death from damaged bone marrow
- Infections
- Blood cancer
- Tumors

Treatment:
- Vitamin and Iron supplements
- Vegetables
- Medications
- Bone marrow transplants
- Blood transfusions
- Painkillers

Arthritis

Arthritis:
Arthritis is a medical condition that causes swelling and joint pain and it means any disorder that affects joints. There are more than 100 different kinds of arthritis and the most common are osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis usually happens during wear or tear, or some immune system problems.

What is a joint?
A joint is a part of your body which makes the connection between two bones, for instance, the hip bone and the lower leg. An elbow is also a form of joint (hinge joint) which is very complex. These joints are constructed so you can move your bones, your hands and feet.

Symptoms:

-Fatigue
-Joint Swell
-Joint Pain
-Joint Redness
-Joint Warmth
-Joint Tenderness
-Fever
-Anaemia







Causes:
-Injuries (OA ortheoarthritis)
-Abnormal metabolism (MA metabolism arthritis)
-Inheritance (OA...)
-Infections (LA Lyme arthritis)
-Immune systems dysfunctions (RA rheumatoid arthritis/ SLE systemic lupus erythematosus)

What if you don't treat it?
-Destruction/Damage in joint (RA rheumatoid arthritis)
-Ability of moving joint lost
-Bone thinning (Osteoporosis)
-Coronary Heart/Artery Disease due to inflammation (CHD/CAD) (RA)
-Anaemia (Lack of iron)
-Earlier death

Joint Fusion

-Depression

Treating:
=Surgery=:
-Joint repair - smoothen joint
-Joint replacement - artificial joint
-join fusion - fuse 2 bones into one (usually for smaller bones)


=Ways to kill pain=:
=Therap

-Lose weight - less joint stress
-Exercises - flex joints
-Heating packs or ice pads

=Medication=:
-Painkillers
-Counterirritants
-Antirheumatic drugs
-Biological responce modifiers
-Corticosteroids
-Anti-inflammatory drugs

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis:
Cholecystitis happens when there is inflammation in the gallbladder, which could happen suddenly, or through a long period of time. Your gallbladder is an organ digestive fluid into your small intestines. When cholecystitis happens, it’s usually a result of gallstones building in your bile duct. Bile build up causes inflammation. Cholecystitis could also happen with bile duct problems, tumors, serious illnesses or infections. If cholecystitis is not treated, it has a potential of killing a person. 

What is a gallbladder?
The gallbladder is the organ which stores the bile. Bile is a fluid that could break down fats, and it is made in the liver. After the bile is made, it is stored in the gallbladder and the gallbladder helps squeeze the bile through the bile duct into the small intestines when fatty food is consumed.

Symptoms:

Causes:

• 
  

Gallstones: Cholecystitis usually happens when there are gallstones in the gall bladder, and the gallstones flows into the bile duct, blocking the bile duct, and the bile will get stuck in the gallbladder, causing an inflammation. 

Tumor: A tumor could cause bile to not drain out from the gall bladder properly, causing a case of cholecystitis 

Bile Duct Blockage: Kinking and scarring in the bile duct could cause blockages which could cause cholecystitis as well. 

• 
  

Infection: Some viral disease like HIV could trigger inflammation in the gallbladder and it causes cholecystitis too. 

• 
  

Blood Vessels Problems: Serious blood diseases could damage blood vessels, decreasing the blood flow to the gallbladder, causing cholecystitis. 

If you don't treat it, this will happen:

Gallbladder Infection:

Bile could build up inside the gallbladder because of the blockage, causing the bile to "expire" and infect your gallbladder, just like expired 

Gallbladder Tissue Dies:

Tissue in the gallbladder can die. Victims are waiting to get treatment or those with diabetes can have dead tissue in the gallbladder during the time and it could lead to a tear in the gallbladder, or it may cause your gallbladder to burst.

Gallbladder Torn:

A tear in your gallbladder can cause the gallbladder to swell, be infected or cause the tissue to die.

Diagnosis:
-Blood Tests
-CT (Computed Tomography)
-Ultrasound
-HIDA Scan (Cholescintigraphy)

Procedures:
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy:

1. Anaesthesia 
2. Disinfection 
3. Cut below belly button 
4. Put a port(tube) in it and to insert Carbon dioxide to see properly 
5. Take cap off the port and put a camera in 
6. Put the other three ports in above hisp abdomen 
7. Move liver with clamps so gallbladder will be exposed 
8. Clamp off and block bile duct 
9. Cut off the bile duct 
10. Electrocautery away from liver 
11. Pull out gallbladder with clamps and the port below belly button 
12. Remove gas and other ports 
13. Staple or stitch 

Open Cholecystectomy (much more painful, only for people that can't do laparoscopic)

1. Anaesthesia 
2. Disinfection 
3. 6-inch-long cut – upper right corner of abdomen 
4. Cut through fat and muscle to gallbladder 
5. Clamp on the skin and muscle – hold in place 
6. Move liver with clamps so gallbladder will be exposed 
7. Clamp off and block bile duct 
8. Cut off the bile duct 
9. Electrocautery away from liver 
10. Pull out gallbladder 
11. Staple and stitch 
12. Small drain 

Risks of Surgery

1. excessive bleeding
2. blood clots
3. damage to blood vessels
4. heart problems
5. infection
6. injury to the bile ducts or small intestine
7. pancreatitis
8. constipation
9. diarrhoea
10. jaundice
11. fever